H2o Lewis Structure Formal Charge Formula org, They can be drawn as l

H2o Lewis Structure Formal Charge Formula org, They can be drawn as lines (bonds) or dots (electrons), Calculating Formal Charges We calculate the formal charge of an atom in a molecule or polyatomic ions as follows: Formal Charge = (valence electrons of the "free" element) - (unshared electrons) - (bonds), These hypothetical formal charges are a guide to … Apr 4, 2024 · In cases where there MUST be positive or negative formal charges on various atoms, the most stable structures generally have negative formal charges on the more electronegative atoms and positive formal charges on the less electronegative atoms, Formal Charge Formula The formula for calculating formal charge is: FC = V - (N + B/2) Where Formal Charge Definition: “The formal charge over an atom of a polyatomic molecule or ion is the difference between the valence electron of that atom in the elemental state and the number of electrons assigned to that atom in Lewis structure, #lewisstructure Jun 30, 2024 · How to Use the Resonance Structure Generator To use this calculator, you need to input the molecular formula of the compound you are interested in and the formal charge, 3, The Lewis structure of this molecule has to be known first to better understand its physical and chemical properties, Lewis structures incorporate an atom's formal charge, which is the charge on an atom in a molecule, assuming that electrons in a chemical bond are shared equally between atoms, Oct 3, 2025 · The formal charge is a way of computing the charge distribution within a Lewis structure; the sum of the formal charges on the atoms within a molecule or an ion must equal the overall charge on the molecule or ion, These special properties are due to the molecular structure of the H 2 O molecule represented in Figure 9, Given: chemical species Asked for: formal charges Strategy: Identify the number of valence electrons in each atom in the NH A 4 A + ion, The atom owns all of the lone pair (non-bonding) electrons and half of the bonding Objective: To draw Lewis dot structures and apply VSEPR theory to predict molecular shape and properties; to determine formal charges of atoms in Lewis dot structures The formal charge on an atom can be calculated using the following mathematical equation, Draw the Lewis structure for H 2 O and provide the following information, This chemistry video provides a basic introduction into how to draw Lewis structures of common molecules such as Cl2, O2, OF2, CH4, NH3, H2O, C2H2, and N2H4, In Lewis structure,it is common that a bonding pair of two electrons can be shown by dash (-) or dots ( ) but a lone pair of two electrons is shown by dots [ ], E) of an atom are the total number of electrons present in its valence shell, The structure will help in understanding the arrangement of atoms, bond formation and shape of the molecule, The next example further demonstrates how to calculate formal charges for polyatomic ions, The closer the formal charges are to zero the more likely we have the most favorable Lewis structure for the molecule, ? Calculating Formal Charges We calculate the formal charge of an atom in a molecule or polyatomic ions as follows: Formal Charge = (valence electrons of the "free" element) - (unshared electrons) - (bonds), The Lewis Structure Generator that we put in your hands here is an excellent tool to obtain structures of more than 400 molecules, Jun 14, 2025 · In this article, we have discussed everything you need to know about the Lewis dot structure, molecular geometry or shape, electron geometry, bond angle, hybridization, and formal charges of H2O2, Jan 12, 2022 · Consider the best Lewis structure of H2O molecule, The structure on the right is the Lewis electron structure, or Lewis structure, for H2O, Also, it is also known as the lowest formal charge, The water molecule is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, bound together by a covalent bond, So, keep in mind that the formal charge of an atom… Sep 15, 2025 · The Lewis structure of H2O depicts the distribution of valence electrons and how atoms are bonded in water, a compound consisting of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, It is assumed that electrons in all chemical bonds are shared equally between atoms, regardless of relative electronegativity, Water is a chemical compound; main constituent of the fluids of most living organisms with a chemical formula of H₂O, Press “Calculate” to generate the resonance structures, These diagrams use dots around atoms to signify electrons and lines to signify bonds between atoms, 2 How to Draw Lewis Dot Structures | Complete Guide | General Chemistry Oct 10, 2023 · Considering the multifold importance of carbonic acid (H2CO3), we have compiled this article for you so that you can learn how to draw the Lewis dot structure of H2CO3, Oct 11, 2023 · Hydronium [H3O]+ Lewis structure, molecular geometry or shape, electron geometry, bond angle, hybridization, formal charges, polar vs non-polar 1, The formal charge of an atom in a molecule is easily calculated from the complete Lewis structure of the molecule (i, Jul 23, 2025 · Formal Charge Definition Formal charge is defined as the difference between the number of electrons assigned to that atom in Lewis structure and its valence electron in its elemental state, Instructions: Input the Molecular Formula of the compound, e, It has uses in determining possible electron re-configuration when referring to reaction Jul 10, 2025 · A Formal Charge Calculator is a fundamental tool in chemistry that helps determine the most stable electron arrangement for a molecule or polyatomic ion, (Valence electrons are the electrons that are present in the outermost orbit of any atom, polarity PROBLEM 4 2 1 Write Lewis structures for the following: (please note, none of the solutions are using the expanded octet rule or formal charges) H 2 HBr PCl 3 SF 2 H 2 CCH 2 HNNH H 2 CNH NO – N 2 CO CN – Answer a Answer b Answer c Answer d Answer e Answer f Answer g Answer h Answer i Answer j Answer k Step 4: Assign Formal Charges (FC) to each atom in the molecule, For calculating the formal charge, you need to remember this formula; Formal charge = Valence electrons – Nonbonding electrons – (Bonding electrons)/2 You can see the bonding and nonbonding electrons of HNO3 from the image A step-by-step explanation of how to draw the H2O Lewis Dot Structure (Water), The Lewis structure of H 2 O (water) is drawn by first identifying the central atom, which is Oxygen (O) in this case, ) Here, I’ll tell you how you can easily find the Jun 29, 2025 · Steps Here’s how you can easily draw the H 2 O Lewis structure step by step: #1 Draw a rough skeleton structure #2 Mention lone pairs on the atoms #3 If needed, mention formal charges on the atoms Now, let’s take a closer look at each step mentioned above, Jul 4, 2022 · The formal charge is a way of computing the charge distribution within a Lewis structure; the sum of the formal charges on the atoms within a molecule or an ion must equal the overall charge on the molecule or ion, In which of the following does hydrogen have a partial negative As noted above, formal charge is used as a guide in that total number of formal charges zero or a minimum is generally best, and the formal charge of an atom is considered in relation to its electronegativity, Drawing/writing done in InkScape, Here you need to calculate the formal charge of oxygen atom and Hydrogen atom, The H2O Lewis structure and its geometry help to understand the bonding, reactivity, and properties of the molecule, [The Lewis structure, Kekulé structure or molecular formula would normally be provided, Lewis structure generator creates chemical structure diagrams for compounds, What is the best formal charge? In practice, the formal charge of "0" is very best as it shows the atoms have their shells completely filled while bonding with each other in a molecule, Apr 4, 2025 · Lewis Structure of H2O | Water | Formal Charge of H2O This video explains how to write the Lewis Structure Water, that is, H2O, and calculate the formal charges for H and O atoms, It calculates a hypothetical charge for each atom within a Lewis structure, assuming that electrons in covalent bonds are shared equally between the atoms, A single covalent link is formed when each hydrogen atom and oxygen atom share one electron, Click on the Oct 18, 2024 · 4, Place the Oxygen atom in the center and the Hydrogen atoms on either side, Be sure that you don't use more than the eight valence electrons available, As Sep 15, 2025 · Lewis structure of water H2O shows two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom with two lone pairs of electrons around the oxygen atom, Learning Objectives To identify bonding and nonbonding electron pairs within a Lewis Structure, Furthermore, the oxygen atom has two lone pairs of electrons that are not shared by any other element, The sum of the formal charges of all atoms in a molecule must be zero A video explanation of how to draw the Lewis Dot Structure for Water, along with information about the compound including Formal Charges, Polarity, Hybrid Or A way to confirm that the Lewis structure is drawn correctly is to compute the formal charge of each atom in H 2 S O 3, Use the Lewis electron structure of NH A 4 A + to identify the number of bonding and non-bonding electrons associated with each atom and then use Equation ??? to calculate the Jul 19, 2025 · In this article, we will discuss how to draw the Lewis structure of CH3OCH3, what is its molecular shape or geometry, electron geometry, bond angle, hybridization, formal charges, polarity, etc, One line corresponds to two electrons, g, A few guidelines involving formal Jan 10, 2022 · To find the formal charge of O and H atom from H2O Lewis structure,you need to apply the following formal charge formula: Formal charge = Valence electrons in neutral atom - 1/2 (Bonding Electrons) - Nonbonding elctrons Consider the best Lewis structure of H2O molecule, only, Nov 1, 2023 · As noted above, formal charge is used as a guide in that total number of formal charges zero or a minimum is generally best, and the formal charge of an atom is considered in relation to its electronegativity, Jul 7, 2023 · The formal charge is a way of computing the charge distribution within a Lewis structure; the sum of the formal charges on the atoms within a molecule or an ion must equal the overall charge on the molecule or ion, Get more chemistry help at www, 1, com Jun 29, 2025 · #3 If needed, mention formal charges on the atoms Use the following formula to calculate the formal charges on atoms: Formal charge = valence electrons – nonbonding electrons – ½ bonding electrons For each hydrogen atom, formal charge = 1 – 0 – ½ (2) = 0 For oxygen atom, formal charge = 6 – 4 – ½ (4) = 0 Here, both hydrogen and oxygen atoms do not have charges, so no need to Since the overall formal charge is zero, the above Lewis structure of H 2 O is most appropriate, reliable, and stable in nature, When a molecule can be represented by multiple valid Lewis structures (resonance forms), the tool displays all possible structures, Enter a chemical element or formula to calculate and draw its lewis dot structure, A Lewis structure consists of the electron distribution in a compound and the formal charge on each atom, So without any further ado, let’s begin reading! Using Formal Charge to Predict Molecular Structure The arrangement of atoms in a molecule or ion is called its molecular structure, We can double-check formal charge calculations by determining the sum of the formal charges for the whole structure, It is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms, in which it acts as a solvent, What is the formal charge on the central atom in the Lewis structure of CO2? 0 1 -1 Jun 12, 2025 · How to calculate the formal charges on NO3– atoms? The formal charges can be calculated using the formula given below: The formal charge of an atom = [valence electrons of an atom – non-bonding electrons – ½ (bonding electrons)] The valence electrons (V, The nonbonding electrons, on the other hand, are the unshared electrons and these are shown as dots, It shows how electrons are positioned around the atoms of the compound, Water (chemical formula: H2O) is a transparent fluid which forms the world's streams, lakes, oceans and rain, and is the major constituent of the fluids of organisms, May 26, 2023 · The Charge of HNO3 (Nitric acid) is 0, Speeds limited by device/location, 3 marks c) What type of bonds do you expect in a water molecule? 1 mark d) Draw the Lewis dot structure of water, See full list on lewistructure, molecular geometry e, Since the overall formal charge is zero, the above Lewis structure of H 2 O is most appropriate, reliable, and stable in nature, a, Molecular Geometry of H 2 O The oxygen atom forms two single sigma bonds with the hydrogen atoms in the H 2 O molecule, Formal charges provide a way for one to determine the most reasonable or best Lewis structure as well as the more likely structure if we are not sure how the atoms Feb 9, 2025 · Bonding electrons: 2 (one single bond with oxygen) Formal Charge = 1 – (0 + 1) = 0 Since all atoms have a formal charge of zero, the H₂O molecule is neutral, Formal charge also determines whether an atom has more protons (positive charge) or electrons (negative charge), [3] The presence of the heavier isotope gives the water different nuclear properties, and the increase in mass gives it slightly Water (H2O) is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid, which is nearly colorless apart from an inherent hint of blue, A step-by-step explanation of how to draw the H2O2 Lewis Dot Structure (Hydrogen peroxide), During chemical reactions, it is common to have charge reactant, intermediates, and/or products, It helps determine the most stable Lewis structure for a compound by assigning charges to each atom based on electron ownership, Jun 12, 2025 · In this article, we will calculate the formal charges present on the bonded atoms in the [H3O]+ Lewis structure and also the overall charge present on the molecular ion, Although it is most common to use a line to indicate a bonding pair of electrons they can be shown as electrons, see the left most image below, It is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, [c] and nearly colorless chemical substance, Lewis Structures, Introduction, Formal Charge, Molecular Geometry, Resonance, Polar or Nonpolar 8, To use the Lewis Structure Calculator follow these steps: Enter the formula of the molecule in the field provided for it, Nov 7, 2025 · Although the molecules of water are simple in structure (H 2 O), the physical and chemical properties of the compound are extraordinarily complicated, and they are not typical of most substances found on Earth, The formal charge is the molecule's overall charge when all the bonding Formal Charge in Lewis Structures Assigning electrons to nuclei A Useful Tool Formal charge is a way of looking at how electrons are distributed in a molecule or polyatomic ion, Now using the above lewis structure of HNO3, you have to find the formal charge on each atom that is present in the HNO3 molecule, Dec 16, 2023 · The Lewis structure represents the valence electrons of an atom or molecule, There are two lone pairs on the oxygen atom, resulting in a bent molecular geometry, A few guidelines involving formal May 22, 2023 · Step #6: Final step – Check the stability of lewis structure by calculating the formal charge on each atom Now, you have come to the final step and here you have to check the formal charge on nitrogen atom (N) as well as each hydrogen atom (H), In many cases, following the steps for writing Lewis structures may lead to more than one possible molecular structure—different multiple bond and lone-pair electron placements or different arrangements of atoms, for instance, The formula is: Formal Charge = Valence Electrons - Non-bonding Electrons - ½ Bonding Electrons, Although these two Hydrogen atoms are symmetrically arranged in the plane, the two lone pairs of electrons on the Oxygen atom push these atoms, Learn about what formal charge is, how to calculate it, and why it is so significant to understanding molecular structures and reactions, Lewis Dot structures are 2D diagrams that allow us to visualize the structure of molecular compounds (nonmetal + nonmetal), Consider the Lewis structure of methanol, CH3OH (methanol is the so-called Mar 23, 2021 · Hydrogen sulphate also known as bisulphate, is an odorless anion in the form of a white powder, The calculator will generate the lewis structure for known isomers along with the bonds, ionic charge, formal charge, oxidation numbers and valence electrons for each atom, You are expected to be able to draw such structures to represent the electronic structure of compounds, This simple formula represents a substance that is unique and complex in its behavior, ” Formal Charge Formula: Mathematically, it can be expressed by the following formula: Jul 12, 2023 · The formal charge is a way of computing the charge distribution within a Lewis structure; the sum of the formal charges on the atoms within a molecule or an ion must equal the overall charge on the molecule or ion, A few guidelines involving formal Apr 4, 2024 · In cases where there MUST be positive or negative formal charges on various atoms, the most stable structures generally have negative formal charges on the more electronegative atoms and positive formal charges on the less electronegative atoms, Jul 10, 2025 · A Formal Charge Calculator is a fundamental tool in chemistry that helps determine the most stable electron arrangement for a molecule or polyatomic ion, Use formal charge to evaluate resonance structures and predict molecular stability, Recognizing and distinguishing between neutral and charged bonding patterns will be helpful in learning reaction mechanisms, Feb 10, 2021 · To calculate the formal charges for the atoms in the molecule, you can go check out this formal charges calculator This video will help you draw the Lewis Dot structure of H2O step-by-step, As we have seen, however, in some cases, there is seemingly more than one valid structure for a molecule, C, Drawing the Lewis Structure for Water Viewing Notes: Make sure you put the correct atom at the center of the Water (H 2 O) molecule, For that, you need to remember the formula of formal charge; In a Lewis structure, formal charges can be assigned to each atom by treating each bond as if one-half of the electrons are assigned to each atom, , The Lewis Structure of H2O molecule reveals that two hydrogen atoms are linked to one oxygen atom, May 22, 2023 · Step #6: Final step – Check the stability of lewis structure by calculating the formal charge on each atom Now, you have come to the final step and here you have to check the formal charge on hydrogen atom, carbon atom as well as nitrogen atom, The sum of the formal charges of all atoms in a molecule must be zero You will be using water, H2O, a lot in this experiment, These models are known as Lewis Structures, which help us visualize the structure of a molecule on a two-dimensional level, For the H2O structure use the periodic table to find the total number of valenc The formal charge of each atom in a molecule can be calculated using the following equation: Formal Charge = (# of valence electrons in free atom) - (# of lone-pair electrons) - (1/2 # of bond pair electrons) Eqn, The Lewis structure of H Sep 24, 2010 · Here's the formula for figuring out the "formal charge" of an atom: Formal charge = [# of valence electrons] – [electrons in lone pairs + 1/2 the number of bonding electrons] Lewis structure generator creates chemical structure diagrams for compounds, Dots represent paired electrons, and dash lines Oct 25, 2023 · The rule or formula for assigning formal charge to atoms in Lewis structures is the following: Formal charge = number of valence electrons - (number of lone-pair electrons + 1/2 number of bonding electrons) Note that "lone pair electrons" are also known as "nonbonding pairs" or "unshared pairs", Breslyn, A few guidelines involving formal Nov 8, 2024 · A formal charge is the charge assigned to an atom in a molecule or ion, electron geometry d, Capable device required for 4G LTE speeds and/or Hotspot, Use the Lewis electron structure of NH A 4 A + to identify the number of bonding and non-bonding electrons associated with each atom and then use Equation ??? to calculate the Custom SearchMy Chemical Demonstration Videos Using Formal Charge to Predict Molecular Structure The arrangement of atoms in a molecule or ion is called its molecular structure, They’re calculated by splitting bonds equally between atoms; the structure with charges closest to … Nov 23, 2022 · Example 2, The formal charge is the number of valence electrons in a neutral atom minus the number of electrons the atom owns in the compound, Key Points Lewis structures, also called Lewis dot diagrams, model covalent bonding between atoms, The formal charge is calculated using the formula: Formal Charge = (Valence electrons in free atom) – (Non-bonding electrons) – ½ (Bonding electrons) It is Dec 5, 2018 · Formal Charge and How To Calculate – Many Lewis structures are incomplete until we decide whether any of their atoms have a formal charge, Check out Diamond H2O®’s most popular water softening, filtration, and reverse osmosis systems, #1 Draw a rough skeleton structure First, determine the total number of valence electrons Oct 28, 2024 · Step 5: Check for Formal Charges: The formal charge of the h2o lewis dot should be zero, since all atoms reach the octa rule, This chemistry video tutorial explains how to draw lewis structures of molecules and the lewis dot diagram of polyatomic ions, Recall that atoms in a molecular compound are neutral, Heavy water (deuterium oxide, 2 H 2O, D 2O) is a form of water in which hydrogen atoms are all deuterium (2 H or D, also known as heavy hydrogen) rather than the common hydrogen-1 isotope (1 H, also called protium) that makes up most of the hydrogen in normal water, It’s found everywhere on Earth, from vast oceans to tiny droplets in the air, – First, we examine each atom and, using the periodic table, we determine how many valence electrons it would have if it were an This chemistry video tutorial provides a basic introduction into how to calculate the formal charge of an atom or element in a lewis structure, For that, you need to remember the formula of formal charge; Oct 29, 2019 · H2O Lewis structure (water electron dot structure) is that type of diagram where we show the total eight valence electrons of H2O as dots , or dots and dashes (-), , one that shows all bonding and nonbonding electron pairs), The formal charge of an atom is pretty much the difference between the number of valence electrons that a neutral atom would have and the number of electrons that is contained on the atom of the Lewis structure, 1 Calculate the formal charges on each atom in the NH A 4 A + ion, The formal charge on the central oxygen atom of ozone, O3 is +1, total number of electron domains c, It has uses in determining possible electron re-configuration when referring to reaction Formal charges Organic molecules can also have positive or negative charges associated with them, When determining the best Lewis structure (or predominant resonance structure) for a molecule, the structure is chosen such that the formal charge on each of the atoms is as close to zero as possible, Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula H2O, The structure is drawn as follows: 1, Jan 28, 2025 · Water is symbolized as H₂O, is a simple yet vital substance made up of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom, INTRODUCTION The molecular formula of a molecule can be converted into a model that displays the atoms, bonds, and valence electrons involved in the molecule, 2, To calculate the formal charge of an atom in a Lewis structure, one subtracts the number of non-bonding electrons (dots) and half of the bonding electrons (lines) from the total number of valence electrons of the free atom, Lewis Structure of Water Water, a fundamental component of the Earth, is represented by the molecular formula H 2 O, When multiple Lewis In a Lewis structure, formal charges can be assigned to each atom by treating each bond as if one-half of the electrons are assigned to each atom, The formal charge of an atom within a molecule or ion is the number of valence electrons minus the nonbonding electrons and half of the shared electrons, It shows you how to calculate the formal charge, how to draw the After completing this section, you should be able to determine which atoms, if any, of a given simple compound (e, A Lewis structure is a way to show how atoms share electrons when they form a molecule, We can use the concept of formal charges to help us predict the most appropriate Lewis structure when more than one is reasonable, One dot is equal to one nonbonding electron You have determined the "best" Lewis structure (octets completed and lowest formal charges) for NO 3-, but there are a number of ways to show this structure, e, May 28, 2025 · The formal charge is a way of computing the charge distribution within a Lewis structure; the sum of the formal charges on the atoms within a molecule or an ion must equal the overall charge on the molecule or ion, formal charge for each atom b, Molecular Geometry of Water (H2O) The structure of water comprises a central oxygen atom with two hydrogen atoms bonded to it, In the previous section, we discussed how to write Lewis structures for molecules and polyatomic ions, 0 B, For the lewis structure of individual elements, use our valence electron calculator, , 0 if there is no formal charge, So without any further ado, let’s begin reading! Jul 9, 2025 · In this article, we will help you draw the Lewis dot structure of formaldehyde (CH2O), Input the Formal Charge if any, e, May 27, 2025 · Learn how to calculate formal charge in IB Chemistry, Additionally, multiple H 2 O molecules combine through hydrogen bonds to create a compound, Draw a single bond (represented by a line) between the Oxygen and each The formal charge is a way of computing the charge distribution within a Lewis structure; the sum of the formal charges on the atoms within a molecule or an ion must equal the overall charge on the molecule or ion, To calculate the formal charges for the atoms in the molecule, you can go check out this formal charges calculator This video will help you draw the Lewis Dot structure of H2O step-by-step, To identify bond order for bonds within a Lewis Structure, They are just used to suppose the electrons transmission in between atoms for lewis structures, Jan 10, 2022 · To find the formal charge of O and H atom from H2O Lewis structure,you need to apply the following formal charge formula: Formal charge = Valence electrons in neutral atom - 1/2 (Bonding Electrons) - Nonbonding elctrons Consider the best Lewis structure of H2O molecule, It is made up of one hydrogen, one sulphur and four oxygen atoms, H2O Wireless service is for personal use in the U, Jun 12, 2025 · How to calculate formal charges of water (H2O) with lewis structure? In covalently bonded molecules, formal charge is the charge assigned to an atom based on the assumption that the bonded electrons are equally shared between concerning atoms, regardless of their electronegativity, , C2H6O for ethanol, Formal charges are important because they allow us to predict which Lewis structure is the most likely to exist in the real world, All products shown here are fully tested and certified for your peace of mind, For example, if we want to obtain the Lewis structure of the Sulfate ion, SO4– 2, we must first enter the charge by typing (-2) or by The structure on the right is the Lewis electron structure, or Lewis structure, for H2O, Lewis structures show all of the valence electrons in an atom or molecule, Aug 14, 2020 · The formal charge is a way of computing the charge distribution within a Lewis structure; the sum of the formal charges on the atoms within a molecule or an ion must equal the overall charge on the molecule or ion, Oxygen has 6 valence electrons, and each Hydrogen (H) atom has 1 valence electron, Be sure to use the proper capitalization for all element symbols, Nov 23, 2022 · Example 2, –1 D, These hypothetical formal charges are a guide to … How to Calculate the Formal Charge [1-7] In order to calculate the formal charge of a molecule or an ion, one has to know about Lewis structure and resonance, Meanwhile, we will also discuss its molecular geometry or shape, electron geometry, bond angles, hybridization, formal charges, and polarity, The calculator will generate the lewis structure for known isomers along with the bonds, ionic charge, formal charge, oxidation numbers and valence electrons for Formal charge is used to describe the hypothetical charge of an individual atom in a compound, 1 To illustrate this method, let’s calculate the formal charge on the atoms in ammonia (NH 3) whose Lewis structure is as follows: Feb 16, 2025 · Master H2O bonding with a comprehensive Lewis structure guide, exploring molecular geometry, valence electrons, and covalent bonds to understand water's chemical properties and atomic interactions, To assign formal charges to ea